Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2021 Population

117,437

0.86% 1-year growth

US Senator

Jon Ossoff

Democratic Party

US Senator

Raphael Warnock

Democratic Party

2021 Median Age

30.7

0.327% 1-year increase

2021 Poverty Rate

22.9%

1.15% 1-year increase

2021 Median Household Income

$48,703

5.62% 1-year growth

2021 Median Property Value

$154,200

5.69% 1-year growth

2021 Employed Population

49,460

0.182% 1-year decline

About

In 2021, Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA had a population of 117k people with a median age of 30.7 and a median household income of $48,703. Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA grew from 116,436 to 117,437, a 0.86% increase and its median household income grew from $46,113 to $48,703, a 5.62% increase.

The 5 largest ethnic groups in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are White (Non-Hispanic) (52.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (37%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.43%), White (Hispanic) (2.02%), and Other (Hispanic) (1.8%).

6.05% of the households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

98.4% of the residents in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in Southern Georgia Regional Commission (South Central)--Lowndes County--Valdosta City PUMA, GA are Valdosta State University (2,631 degrees awarded in 2021) and Wiregrass Georgia Technical College (2,040 degrees).

In 2021, the median property value in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was $154,200, and the homeownership rate was 53.9%.

Most people in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 19.5 minutes. The average car ownership in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was 2 cars per household.

Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA borders Suwannee, Taylor, Madison, Hamilton & Lafayette Counties PUMA, FL, Southern Georgia Regional Commission (East & Central) PUMA, GA, and Southern Georgia Regional Commission (West) PUMA, GA.

United States Georgia

Population & Diversity

Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA is home to a population of 117k people, from which 98.4% are citizens. As of 2021, 3.37% of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA residents were born outside of the country (3.96k people).

In 2021, there were 1.42 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (61.9k people) in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA than any other race or ethnicity. There were 43.5k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) and 2.85k Two+ (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary langauge in households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are Spanish (4,152 households), Other & Unspecified Languages (467 households), and Korean (298 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

60,447

Women

51.5%

56,995

Men

48.5%

The resident population of United States in 2021 was 117,442 inhabitants, with 48.5% men, and 51.5% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in the United States.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

98.4%

2021 Citizenship

98.1%

2020 Citizenship

As of 2021, 98.4% of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.4%. In 2020, the percentage of US citizens in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was 98.1%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been increasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA

White (Non-Hispanic)
61.9k ± 227
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
43.5k ± 379
Two+ (Non-Hispanic)
2.85k ± 467

6.02%

Hispanic Population

7.06k people

6.02% of the people in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are hispanic (7.06k people).

The following chart shows the 7 races represented in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

Mexico
709 ± 652 people
Philippines
515 ± 556 people
Germany
420 ± 502 people

In 2021, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was Mexico, the natal country of 709 Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA residents, followed by Philippines with 515 and Germany with 420.

Foreign-Born Population

3.37%

2021 Foreign-Born Population

3.96k people

3.42%

2020 Foreign-Born Population

3.98k people

As of 2021, 3.37% of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA residents (3.96k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.6%. In 2020, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was 3.42%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
4,152 households (3.79%)
Other & Unspecified Languages
467 households (0.427%)
Korean
298 households (0.272%)

6.05% of the households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is lower than the national average of 21.7%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2021, the most common non-English language spoken in households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was Spanish. 3.79% of the households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (2001-)
3,221 ± 560
Vietnam
1,780 ± 274
Gulf War (1990s)
1,222 ± 267

Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (2001-), 1.81 times greater than any other conflict.

Economy

The economy of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA employs 49.5k people. The largest industries in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are Restaurants & Food Services (4,136 people), Elementary & secondary schools (3,249 people), and U. S. Air Force (3,060 people), and the highest paying industries are Hardware, & plumbing & heating equipment, & supplies merchant wholesalers ($134,615), U. S. Armed Forces: Branch Not Specified ($133,896), and Nonmetallic mineral mining & quarrying ($96,810).

Males in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA have an average income that is 1.43 times higher than the average income of females, which is $39,636. The income inequality in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA (measured using the Gini index) is 0.438, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

24,123

Women

48.7%

25,427

Men

51.3%

The workforce of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA in 2020 was 49,550 people, with 48.7% woman, and 51.3% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

49.5k

2021 Value

−0.182%

1 Year decline

± −0.182%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA declined at a rate of −0.182%, from 49.6k employees to 49.5k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, are Cashiers (1,751 people), Retail salespersons (1,634 people), and Firstline supervisors of retail sales workers (1,614 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in Georgia (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

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Industries

Employment by Industries

49.5k

2021 Value

−0.182%

1 Year decline

± −0.182%

From 2020 to 2021, employment in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA declined at a rate of −0.182%, from 49.6k employees to 49.5k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, are Restaurants & Food Services (4,136 people), Elementary & secondary schools (3,249 people), and U. S. Air Force (3,060 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, though some of these residents may live in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$38,319

Median earning men ± $2,494

$27,854

Median earning women ± $1,501

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2021 are Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting, & Mining ($63,718), Public Administration ($56,455), and Information ($54,349).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2021 are Construction ($38,322), Public Administration ($37,632), and Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($34,550).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for false.

Y-Axis

2.75%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 155M people employed in Georgia. This represents a 2.75% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in Georgia.

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Domestic Trade

Domestic Production & Consumption

Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Georgia to other states, or from other states to Georgia.

Top Domestic Production in Dollars

In 2020, the top outbound Georgia product (by dollars) was Motorized vehicles with $73.4B, followed by Mixed freight ($67.6B) and Machinery ($50.5B).

The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Georgia products.

Domestic Trade Growth

Showing data for Georgia.

$625B

2020 Value in Georgia

$1.3T

Projected 2050 Value in Georgia

109% growth

In 2020, total outbound Georgia trade was $625B. This is expected to increase 109% to $1.3T by 2050.

The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Georgia trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.

Interstate Trade

Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Georgia to other states, or from other states to Georgia.

Most Common Trade Partners

Florida
$59.2B
Tennessee
$36.9B
North Carolina
$32.9B

In 2020, the top outbound Georgia domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Florida with $59.2B, followed by Tennessee with $36.9B and North Carolina and $32.9B.

The following map shows the amount of trade that Georgia shares with each state (excluding itself).

Civics

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Georgia went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 49.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (49.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.24%).

Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock are the senators currently representing the state of Georgia. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

Georgia is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA. Showing the available data for Georgia.

2020 Election Results

Joseph R Biden Jr. (49.5%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (49.2%)
Republican Party
Jo Jorgensen (1.24%)
Libertarian Party

In the 2020 presidential election, the popular vote in Georgia went to Joseph R Biden Jr. with 49.5% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (49.2%), followed by Jo Jorgensen (1.24%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in Georgia for each registered party from 1976 to 2020.

Senator Elections

US Senators from Georgia

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

Jon Ossoff

Senator from Georgia

Assumed office on January 20, 2021
Inauguration delayed as incumbent senator David Perdue's term expired on January 3, 2021, two days prior to the 2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia|runoff election.

Raphael Warnock

Senator from Georgia

Assumed office on January 20, 2021
Elected to the seat to succeed Kelly Loeffler, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of Johnny Isakson.

Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock are the senators currently representing Georgia.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in Georgia over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

US Representative Elections

US Representatives from Georgia

Georgia is currently represented by 14 members in the U.S. house.

Members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms, and the following chart shows the how the members for Georgia have changed over time starting in 2008.

Education

In 2021, universities in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA awarded 4,671 degrees. The student population of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA in 2021 is skewed towards women, with 4,838 male students and 10,286 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA are White (2,649 and 57.3%), followed by Black or African American (1,465 and 31.7%), Hispanic or Latino (313 and 6.77%), and Two or More Races (115 and 2.49%).

The largest universities in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA by number of degrees awarded are Valdosta State University (2,631 and 56.3%) and Wiregrass Georgia Technical College (2,040 and 43.7%).

The most popular majors in Southern Georgia Regional Commission (South Central)--Lowndes County--Valdosta City PUMA, GA are Licensed Practical & Vocational Nurse Training (249 and 5.33%), General Business Administration & Management (210 and 4.5%), and Other Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies, & Humanities (206 and 4.41%).

The median tuition cost in Southern Georgia Regional Commission (South Central)--Lowndes County--Valdosta City PUMA, GA for a public four year colleges is $4,371 for in-state students and $15,426 for out-of-state students.

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

University

Measure

In 2021 in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, the percentage of applicants admitted was 76.4%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 27%. The number of students enrolled in 2021 was 15,124 (32% men and 68% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

Universities

In 2021 there were 15,124 students enrolled in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, 32% men and 68% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in White with 7,228 records, of which 66.8% were women and 33.2% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Organizational Leadership
100 degree-majors awarded
General Psychology
121 degree-majors awarded
General Business Administration & Management
117 degree-majors awarded

In 2021, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Southern Georgia Regional Commission (South Central)--Lowndes County--Valdosta City PUMA, GA was Organizational Leadership with 100 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Southern Georgia Regional Commission (South Central)--Lowndes County--Valdosta City PUMA, GA according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Valdosta State University
2,631 degrees awarded
Wiregrass Georgia Technical College
2,040 degrees awarded

In 2021, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Valdosta State University with 2,631 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

University

In 2021, 1,691 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA, which is 0.567 times less than the 2,980 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2021 the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was White students. These 2,649 degrees mean that there were 1.81 times more degrees awarded to White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Black or African American, with 1,465 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Universities

Public, 4-year or above ($4,371) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2021.

Public, 4-year or above ($2,212) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2021.

Public, 2-year ($1,276) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2021, 0.612% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 0.787% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA in 2021 were High School or Equivalent (29.3k), Some college (22k), and Secondary Education (13.7k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was $154,200 in 2021, which is 0.63 times smaller than the national average of $244,900. Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $145,900 to $154,200, a 5.69% increase. The homeownership rate in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA is 53.9%, which is approximately the same as the national average of 64.6%.

People in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA have an average commute time of 19.5 minutes, and they drove alone to work. Car ownership in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.

Median household income in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA is $48,703. In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was Fulton County (Northeast)Johns Creek City PUMA, GA with a value of $138,549, followed by Cobb County (Northeast) PUMA, GA and Forsyth County PUMA, GA, with respective values of $126,009 and $120,999.

Housing

Property

$154,200

Median Property Value 2021

±$5,114

$22,908

Median Property Taxes

±$1,166

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA the largest share of households pay taxes in the < $800 range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

53.9%

Homeownership

2021

68.2%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2021

In 2021, 53.9% of the housing units in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 52.5%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Income by Location

Use the dropdown to filter by race/ethnicity.

Race/Ethnicity

Highest Median Household Income (Total)

In 2021, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was Fulton County (Northeast)Johns Creek City PUMA, GA with a value of $138,549, followed by Cobb County (Northeast) PUMA, GA and Forsyth County PUMA, GA, with respective values of $126,009 and $120,999.

The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA colored by their Median Household Income (Total).

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$48,703

Median Household Income

± $2,633

42.5k

Number of Households

± 1,738

In 2021, the median household income of the 42.5k households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA grew to $48,703 from the previous year's value of $46,113.

The following chart displays the households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the < $10k range.

Wage Distribution

0.438

2021 Wage GINI in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA

0.436

2020 Wage GINI in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA

In 2021, the income inequality in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was 0.438 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 0.356% growth from 2020 to 2021, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even. The GINI for Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA was lower than than the national average of 0.478. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2021

Drove Alone (83.4%)
Carpooled (9.29%)
Worked At Home (3.61%)

In 2021, 83.4% of workers in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (9.29%) and those who worked at home (3.61%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

19.5 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA have a shorter commute time (19.5 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.8 minutes). Additionally, 1.77% of the workforce in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Car Ownership

2 cars

Average Number

The following chart displays the households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA have 2 cars.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

22.9% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA (25.9k out of 113k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is higher than the national average of 12.6%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 18 - 24, followed by Males 18 - 24 and then Females 25 - 34.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA is Black, followed by White and Hispanic.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.

Social Needs

Data only available at the state level.

Most prevalent states

California
35,798 individuals
New York
5,087 individuals
Florida
4,915 individuals

In 2017, California had the highest estimated number of chronically homeless individuals in the nation, at 35,798. New York has the second highest (5,087), followed by Florida (4,915).

The following map shows the estimated number of chronically homeless individuals by state over multiple years.

Health

83.8% of the population of Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA has health coverage, with 39.9% on employee plans, 12.2% on Medicaid, 8.45% on Medicare, 17.2% on non-group plans, and 6.02% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in Georgia see 1492 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.06% decrease from the previous year (1508 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1921 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 637 patients per year.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Georgia.

1,492 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in Georgia

Primary care physicians in Georgia see an average of 1,492 patients per year. This represents a 1.06% decrease from the previous year (1,508 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Georgia in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2021, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 27.7% under 18 years, 27.6% between 18 and 34 years, 32% between 35 and 64 years, and 12.7% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 45.9% were men and 54.1% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

16.2%

Uninsured

39.9%

Employer Coverage

12.2%

Medicaid

8.45%

Medicare

17.2%

Non-Group

6.02%

Military or VA

Between 2020 and 2021, the percent of uninsured citizens in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA grew by 6.36% from 15.2% to 16.2%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Lowndes CountyValdosta City PUMA, GA changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.